Your body and the earth's surface have a lot in common.
Both are mostly water, and the blood in your body is actually
not that different from sea water (in composition). Our sun is
like the earth's heart; energy from the sun pumps water from the
tropics to the poles in a vast network of currents. However, occasional
"hiccups" in the water world spawn hurricanes, floods and tsunamis
that disrupt the normal flow of the system, often with disastrous
results.
Imagine that you're a drop of water in the vast, tropical Sargasso
Sea in the Atlantic Ocean. It's the end of August 1992, warm
and salty, but not at all calm. A 100-mph wind is whipping the
waves into a seething cauldron. They'll call this Hurricane
Andrew back in Miami, and you're a part of it, feeding it enough
energy to make 40,000-foot-high clouds spiral into walls around
a low-pressure "eye." You are a speck of froth on the water,
and are swept across the Gulf Stream as you add warm moisture
to the hurricane's fury. Driven by 145-mph winds, you slam into
south Florida as part of a 17-foot-high storm surge, destroying
hundreds of homes and huge tracts of ecologically important
mangroves. You now have the dubious honor of being part of the
costliest storm in American history. Had you come ashore only
20 miles north and hit Miami squarely, you would probably have
been part of the deadliest one too.
A 250-mph tornado
drops out of the sky and sucks you off the face of the earth,
spraying you 15,000 feet into the clouds. It's so cold that
you freeze into ice and plummet thousands of feet until strong
updrafts within the thunderstorm below waft you up another 35,000
feet. Along the way you pick up static charges that attract
ice crystals. You grow into a pea-sized hail stone. And, after
several more wild rollercoaster rides through the clouds, you
become the size of a golf ball. With the added weight of the
ice, you break loose from the convecting drafts and hurtle down
to the earth in central Florida, the lightning capital of the
western hemisphere.
A 50,000oF bolt of lightning, five times hotter than the surface
of the sun, connects with the ground from 35,000-feet and discharges
100,000 amperes of electricity from the cloud. The stroke superheats
the air and creates a shockwave that is heard as thunder for
miles around. It ignites the years of accumulated forest debris
and starts a brush fire. Ice doesn't stick around long in central
Florida in the summertime, so you melt and mix into the falling
rain, dousing the fire. Florida was lucky you were around to
help put that fire out because wildfires
consume hundreds of square miles of brushland, forests, and
homes every year.
Now you are swept up in surging stream water that carries you
to a lake already filled to the brim from the torrential rains.
The lake doesn't normally receive so much water, so the river
draining it floods
its banks and forces you to leisurely flow through several homes
built on the floodplain. Your meandering destroys the homes
- and the lives of their owners.
Next, you are sucked into a swirling sewer and pushed through
an outfall back into the sea. An along-shore current swashes
you up and down the coast with the tides. You pick up some sand
along the way, and erode pockets in the beaches - one grain
at a time.
An offshore breeze jets you out into the Gulf Stream current,
which carries you up to the cold North Atlantic. After weeks
of evaporation, you have become saltier and denser and sink
into the dark, cold depths to start your journey back to the
equator along the sea-bottom. You thought it would be dark and
desolate here, but you can see a shower of tiny bioluminescent
animals putting on an exquisite light-show. On the bottom, you
drift through beautiful gardens of white and red tube worms
standing three feet tall that surround 20-foot-high pipes of
dark, sparkling minerals. The pipes spew out scalding water
heated by the earth.
You continue your slow drift southward over a submerged mountain
range that runs down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean You are
hot from lava spewing from undersea volcanoes that may someday
become new islands like Iceland, Hawaii and Montserrat. Without
warning, the water shudders from a series of undersea earthquakes
that help relieve the stresses caused by magma rising into the
earth's crust. Sometimes these quakes occur under land where
the earth's great plates collide and shake the ground hard enough
to destroy buildings and bridges.
Suddenly the volcano over which you drift erupts into a boiling
cauldron of seawater. You are caught in a mammoth bubble that
carries you 8,000 feet up to the surface of the ocean. Superheated
steam from the bursting bubble wafts you another 15,000 feet
up into the troposphere where you are immediately swept eastward
by the 200-mph winds of the jet stream.
A week later and half a world away, you precipitate in a blizzard
of snow over Mt. Redoubt in Alaska. The heat from this awakening
volcano melts the ice and snow under you, and the whole white
veneer starts sliding down the side of the mountain. Within
minutes you're caught in a blinding white wall of powder moving
at 100 mph, ripping up trees by their roots, knocking down chalets,
and covering everything in your path. Finally, the avalanche
deposits you in a warm valley, where you melt and flow through
a braided stream back into the Pacific Ocean. You've arrived
here about 500 years sooner than if you had completed your journey
through the deep waters of the world's oceans.
But "Pacific Ocean" is a misnomer; it is not always pacific
and peaceful. Besides the huge typhoons that seasonally stir
its waters into a tempest, the surrounding "Ring of Fire" is
the most seismically active region in the world; it is the birthplace
of more volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis
than anywhere else on earth.
Floating placidly now in Blying Sound along the western shore
of the Gulf of Alaska, you hear a growing roar in the distance
that sounds like a bursting dam. A huge wave traveling up the
inlet sucks the water out of the bay and pulls you out in the
strongest current you've ever felt. Fish are left flapping helplessly
on the dry seafloor as you rush past. You are lifted towards
the sky by an improbably high wave, a tsunami 40 feet tall and
growing as it approaches the shore at more than 60 mph. It starts
to curl over the town of Seward, and then crashes down on the
streets and buildings 60 feet below. You smash through the town
driven by the great weight of water behind you, battering everything
in your path. In a few short minutes that seem to last forever,
you toss and tumble over the landscape, and turn the town into
a trash heap. As you surge inland over the highways, buildings
and neighborhoods, the water around you fills up with big chunks
of trees, homes, and entire vehicles.
The energy packed into this great wave (and the ones to follow)
is unbelievable. It rips up or knocks down everything in its
path. When the valley in which the town lies finally fills to
its brim, the water recedes slowly at first, then in a gathering
rush. Everything that was ripped up by the incoming surge is
now carried out to sea by the ebbing maelstrom, like children's
beach toys washed away in the surf.
This tsunami, spawned 10 hours ago by an earthquake 5000 miles
away, moved through the water at 500 miles an hour. It started
out only a couple feet high in a deep open ocean trench, and
moved unnoticed past ships. But as it scraped the ocean floor
closer to shore, the energy-packed water piled up on itself
the way car wrecks do on a foggy interstate. Fortunately, an
alert issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning System helped most
people to reach high ground in time to save themselves, even
though the tsunami turned their world upside down less than
five hours later.
Ultimately you are sucked back into the cold waters of the
Gulf of Alaska, and you meander into a great gyre of water circulating
slowly across hundreds of miles of the North Pacific Ocean.
Overhead, a low-pressure trough off the Canadian coast churns
up the wind and sea to produce a thick, dank haze of microscopic
water droplets draped over the ocean; air and water become indistinguishable,
and the horizon indiscernible. You're one of the lucky droplets
that evaporates and gets carried southeastward by the gathering
storm to warmer climes. As you approach the rugged coast of
the western United States, you rise with the wind to scale the
high mountains. You cool down, condense, and fall onto the slopes
of the Cascades as rain.
You filter down through the normally arid soils until you reach
rock, and you flow ever downward along its sloped surface. The
dirt above the rock slowly absorbs you and turns into slippery
mud. This overburden starts to slide down the hill with the
added weight and lubrication. Gaining speed, it grows into a
catastrophic landslide that sweeps houses off their foundations
and dumps them into the valley below.
The (only?) good thing about landslides is that they deliver
new topsoil to the valley floor, creating an environment where
life can bloom. You are content now in your new surroundings
and with your new role - encouraging new plant life to poke
through the fresh topsoil. It's satisfying to finally be productive
after having wreaked so much destruction in your journey around
the world.
Epilogue
As a drop of water, you accept that your environment is continuously
changing. Nothing remains constant. Occasionally you flow over
land, which also moves albeit at a much slower pace. While most
of the earth's inhabitants don't build their nests and dens
in dangerous areas, humans do. They seem to have little sense
of danger, building their fragile structures on barrier islands,
unstable land, and even flood plains! They've got to know that
they're living on borrowed time. Maybe they think they'll get
away with it, but sooner or later you know they will learn to
live with the earth's spasms. Otherwise these natural events
will continue to be natural disasters for them. And this is
just a drop in the ocean when you consider the greatest hazard
of all: a direct hit by a heavenly body such as a comet or large
asteroid (less than a 1/2 mile wide), that would decimate the
biosphere by causing several years of nuclear winter. A 110-mile-wide
impact crater near the Yucatan Peninsula is considered to be
evidence that just such an event caused the extinction of the
dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Will it happen again?